Blog

As we near the end of 2024, it is essential to reflect on the significant economic repercussions of climate change over the past few years. The latest Lancet Countdown reports (1-4) shed light on critical indicators concerning the financial costs of climate change and our shift toward a low-carbon economy. Let’s delve into how these indicators have evolved since 2020 and what they reveal about the changes in our world.The Rising Economic Costs of Inaction (Indicator 4.1)Weather-Induced Financial Losses&nbsp;The financial toll from climate-related disasters has been on an upward trajectory. In 2020, there were 242 extreme climate events, leading to staggering losses of $178 billion. Notably, two-thirds of these setbacks were seen in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI). However, when we look at gross domestic product (GDP)-adjusted figures, medium HDI nations experienced losses nearly three times greater than their high HDI counterparts. In low HDI countries, these losses were almost five times worse.Even among high HDI countries, insurance only covered about 66% of the losses, leaving nearly $34.2 billion uninsured. This issue of uninsured losses becomes even more pronounced in medium HDI countries—where 97% of their total losses were unprotected—and low HDI nations where all recorded losses remained utterly uninsured. This stark disparity not only highlights the financial strain but also deepens socioeconomic inequalities, especially for disadvantaged nations.In 2021, global economic losses soared to $253 billion due to climate extremes, with high HDI nations shouldering a significant share—84% of the total. This trend continued into 2022, with losses climbing to $264 billion, yet again with high HDI countries bearing the brunt, accounting for 57.1% of those losses. Moreover, medium HDI countries faced challenges threefold higher than their high HDI counterparts, while low HDI countries endured disproportionately significant, uninsured losses.Economic Costs of Heat-Related Fatalities&nbsp;Heat-related deaths profoundly impact those aged 65 and older, especially during extreme heat events that can lead to serious health complications. Vulnerable groups, such as older adults and those without proper access to cooling systems, are particularly at risk. The financial implications of these heat-related fatalities are assessed using statistical values for life across member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), with adjusted ratios applied for non-OECD nations based on their gross national income.In 2021, the economic toll from heat-related deaths reached an alarming $144 billion, equivalent to the annual income of approximately 12.4 million people. This figure has been increasing consistently, nearly $4.9 billion yearly since 2000. Europe is the region facing the most significant financial impact, accounting for losses representing the annual incomes of between 6.1 and 11 million citizens.From 2000-2004 to 2018-2022, low HDI countries saw a staggering 131% increase in heat-related mortality costs, while medium and high HDI countries followed with increases of 84% and 110%, respectively. Very high HDI countries experienced a relatively minor rise of 61%.The Alarming Consequences of Extreme Heat on Labor ProductivityExtreme heat is not just an uncomfortable nuisance; it can drastically hinder our ability to work effectively, leading to significant financial losses. Labor productivity is a complex measure that includes physical and mental capabilities and the conditions in which we work. These elements are influenced by factors like temperature, humidity, and broader climate stressors, which are crucial in shaping how effectively we can perform our jobs.Several vital aspects must be considered when evaluating productivity. Consideration must be given to sick leave policies, whether workers have sick-pay rights, and the availability of shade or protection from the sun, especially in sectors like agriculture and construction. The combined impact of these factors can severely limit an individual's ability to fulfill job responsibilities, underlining the urgent need for climate-resilient strategies and adaptations in the workplace to combat the effects of extreme heat.The economic ripple effects of working under such conditions are profound. In 2020, productivity losses due to extreme heat resulted in earnings reductions of 4-8% of GDP in countries with low HDI scores. Medium HDI countries faced potential income losses of 2.2-4.1% of GDP, while high HDI nations saw decreases between 0.9-1.5%. Notably, very high HDI countries experienced the slightest losses, ranging from 0.3-0.5% of GDP.These economic impacts disproportionately affect men working in sectors like construction, which alone encompasses over 90% of the global workforce, and manufacturing and agriculture, which account for more than 60%. Informal and unpaid domestic work, where women often dominate, are unaccounted for in these figures.In 2021, the economic toll from heat-related productivity reductions hit a staggering $669 billion worldwide, illustrating the severe consequences of extreme heat on labor output. Low and medium HDI countries were particularly vulnerable, experiencing income losses representing 5.6% and 3.9% of their GDPs, respectively. Losses in these regions were primarily concentrated in the agriculture sector, which, despite its critical role in food production, often remains the lowest-paid field.&nbsp;Fast forward to 2022, and the estimated income loss due to diminished labor capacity from extreme heat soared to $863 billion—about 0.87% of the global gross product. The agricultural sector again took the most brutal hit, accounting for 82% of the losses in low HDI countries and 68% in medium HDI countries. Farming represented 40% of total global losses, with construction adding another 31%.Workers in agriculture, particularly in low and medium-HDI countries where poverty is rampant, faced substantial losses. They bore an average of 82% and 68% of the impacts in their respective countries. Exposure to heat resulted in a staggering loss of 490 billion potential labor hours in 2022, marking a nearly 42% increase compared to the period from 1991 to 2000. On average, each worker globally lost 143 potential hours of labor capacity. Alarmingly, over 1.3 billion workers, or 39% of the global labor force, suffered losses more significantly than this average, with 80% originating from low or medium HDI countries. In contrast, 87% of those with below-average losses were from high or very high HDI nations.From 2000 to 2022, the number of outdoor workers fell by approximately 0.2 billion, while the percentage of working-age individuals engaged in outdoor work dropped by 15.3%. These figures underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to protect laborers, particularly those in vulnerable sectors and regions, from the alarming impacts of extreme heat on productivity.The Economic Impact of Premature Mortality Due to Air PollutionAir pollution seriously threatens global health, causing millions of deaths each year. This alarming reality carries significant economic consequences, highlighting the importance of climate change mitigation as an environmental necessity and a financially sound investment. By tackling air pollution, we stand to gain considerable cost savings.This indicator considers the Years of Life Lost (YLL) shift attributable to human-made PM2.5 emissions across 137 countries from 2005 to 2020. It utilizes data drawn from mortality from ambient air pollution by sector (indicator 3.2.1) and incorporates the value of statistical life years (VSLY) as estimated for OECD member countries. The VSLY is determined using a consistent ratio to the respective GDP per capita, offering a thorough economic lens through which to view the repercussions of air pollution.In 2020 alone, the financial toll of premature deaths linked to air pollution reached a staggering $2.2 trillion, accounting for 2.4% of the global gross product. Countries with high HDI bore the highest costs in terms of their per capita income, which is equal to the average yearly earnings of 92.3 million individuals. Meanwhile, nations within the medium HDI bracket faced the heftiest burden relative to the scale of their economies, with costs nearing 4% of their GDP. These insights reveal the profound economic burden that air pollution imposes on health worldwide, urging us to act decisively.The Economics of the Low-Carbon Transition (Indicator 4.2)Indicator 4.2 reveals both strides and hurdles as we move towards a sustainable economy, complementing what we learned from indicator 4.1 about the costs of inaction.Clean Energy Investment: A Bright HorizonThere's some encouraging news in the renewable energy sector. By 2021, 80% of electricity generation investments were directed towards zero-carbon sources. While fossil fuels still hold a firm grip in non-electricity sectors, the momentum is shifting: clean energy investments outpaced those in fossil fuels by an astonishing 61% in 2022. Last year alone, global clean energy investments rose by 15% from 2021, showing a significant 51% increase since 2015, reaching a staggering $1.6 trillion. In comparison, fossil fuel investments climbed 10% over 2021 but remained 24% below 2015, totaling $1.0 trillion.&nbsp;Energy efficiency accounted for 15% of all energy investments 2022, reflecting a steady commitment from the previous year. Yet, to achieve global net-zero emissions by 2050, we need to nearly triple clean energy investments by 2030 while cutting fossil fuel investments to less than half of their current levels. This emphasizes an urgent call for sustained and escalated investment in clean energy to meet our climate goals.Employment Shifts: A New Era of JobsIn 2020, employment in the renewable energy sector finally surpassed 12 million jobs, overtaking direct employment in fossil fuel extraction for the first time. By 2021, renewable energy jobs grew by 5.6%, reaching nearly 12.7 million, while fossil fuel extraction jobs rose by 20%. While employment in fossil fuel extraction is increasing, the renewable energy sector is creating jobs at an even faster rate, indicating a brighter and cleaner future.Fossil Fuel Subsidies: A Barrier to ProgressFrom 2008 to the end of 2022, approximately $40.51 trillion was committed globally to fossil fuel divestment, with healthcare institutions contributing a notable $54 billion. Divesting from fossil fuel companies can diminish financial support, challenging the social legitimacy these firms rely on. Additionally, such actions help mitigate stranded asset risks as the world approaches decarbonization.The path forward is complicated by government actions. Despite increasing environmental concerns, many nations continue to provide substantial subsidies for fossil fuels. In 2019, 80% of the countries studied in the Lancet Countdown had net-negative carbon prices, allocating around $400 billion to the fossil fuel industry. This is a crucial moment for transformation, requiring organizations and governments to reconsider their roles in promoting a sustainable future.Key Trends and InsightsSince 2020, climate-related events have increasingly weighed down our economy, influencing a wide range of sectors, from healthcare to employment. Despite rising renewable energy jobs, the shift to cleaner energy sources still needs to catch up to the urgent timeline necessitated by the climate crisis. One significant hurdle remains the persistent fossil fuel subsidies, which impede essential progress.The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has further complicated these challenges. While emissions declined in 2020, they surged at an alarming speed in 2021. Additionally, the pandemic has exacerbated energy disparities around the globe, underscoring the critical need for a fair transition to sustainable energy for all.As we look ahead, it's imperative that we recognize the urgency of our circumstances. The window for transformative action is closing, and the stakes have never been higher. We cannot afford to linger in discussions of threats; instead, we must pivot to decisive action that generates tangible results.Implementing robust policies now will not only mitigate the ongoing damage but also create a more equitable and healthier society for all. Investors, businesses, and governments must collaborate to forge innovative solutions that drive us toward a sustainable, low-carbon future.&nbsp;Let us harness this moment of clarity and commitment. Together, we can turn our intentions into impactful change and pave the way for generations to come. The time for action is now—let's seize it!Notes:&nbsp;Human Development Index (HDI) is defined as a composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. The HDI is calculated based on life expectancy at birth, expected years of schooling, and gross national income per capita (United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)). References1. The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises. Watts, Nick, et al. The Lancet, Volume 397, Issue 10269, 129 – 170.2. The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future. Romanello, Marina et al. The Lancet, Volume 398, Issue 10311, 1619 – 1662.3. The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels. Romanello, Marina et al. The Lancet, Volume 400, Issue 10363, 1619 – 1654.4. The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for health-centered response in a world facing irreversible harms. Romanello, Marina et al. The Lancet, Volume 402, Issue 10419, 2346 – 2394.

Exploring the Economic Impact of Climate Change: Key Insights from 2020 to 2023

Since 1980, tropical cyclones (hurricanes) have become the most destructive weather disasters among the 363 billion-dollar events recorded as of August 2023. They have caused over $1.3 trillion in total damage, with an average cost of $22.8 billion per event and 6,890 lives lost since 1980 (NOAA, 2023). As we prepare for the imminent arrival of Hurricane Milton, it is crucial that communities acknowledge the reality of increasingly powerful storms driven by a changing climate.&nbsp;The Changing Face of Hurricanes: Frequency and IntensityResearch suggests that higher temperatures lead to more frequent hurricanes, especially in at-risk areas like the Gulf and the lower East Coast of the United States. The number of tropical storms and hurricanes has been on the rise since the 1980s. Increased heating in the eastern tropical Pacific changes atmospheric steering currents and reduces wind shear along the coast (Balaguru et al., 2023), which creates a more favorable environment for hurricane formation.The intensity of hurricanes has increased overall, with about 10% more storms reaching Category 4 and 5 status, according to NOAA (2023). This trend is connected to changing ocean temperatures and conditions that affect storm development. In the Caribbean, rising sea surface temperatures have caused more frequent and severe hurricanes, which pose significant threats to local biodiversity and coral reefs (Hernández-Delgado et al., 2024).&nbsp;Economic Consequences: A Perfect Storm of LossesAs hurricane frequency and intensity continue to increase, the economic impact is expected to be especially severe in hurricane-prone areas. Coastal regions, which are often centers for tourism, commerce, and industry, are particularly vulnerable. This risk is amplified by rapid urbanization and population growth along coastlines.In communities affected by hurricanes such as Katrina, Sandy, Harvey, and Irma, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has estimated damage costs of approximately $170 billion for Katrina, $74 billion for Sandy, $131 billion for Harvey, and $52 billion for Irma (GAO, 2020). These figures include damages to residential, commercial, and governmental structures, as well as the value of material assets within the buildings, business interruption costs, losses for vehicles and boats, damage to offshore energy platforms, public infrastructure, and agricultural assets.Furthermore, these hurricanes resulted in significant costs for the federal government. For instance, in 2016, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated that federal expenditures related to Hurricane Katrina exceeded $110 billion, while the response to Hurricane Sandy surpassed $53 billion. This highlights the urgent need for comprehensive disaster preparedness and resilience strategies, as the financial impacts of these extreme weather events extend beyond local communities.&nbsp;Flood Hazards: The Rainfall FactorClimate change is causing heavier rainfall and flooding during hurricanes. As the atmosphere warms, it can hold approximately 7% more moisture for every degree Celsius of temperature increase. This extra moisture leads to more intense rainfall during storms, creating increased flooding risks that can overwhelm drainage systems and floodplains, especially in urban areas designed based on historical rainfall patterns.For example, the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey in 2017 showcased this concerning trend of increased flooding risks in coastal watersheds as rainfall projections rise (Li et al., 2022). Harvey brought record-breaking rainfall, leading to catastrophic flooding in Houston and surrounding areas where drainage infrastructure was quickly overwhelmed. In 2019, Tropical Storm Imelda in Southeast Texas also brought excessive rainfall in a short period, causing extreme flooding in urban areas like Houston. The intense rainfall overwhelmed regional drainage systems, resulting in flash flooding, even though it was classified as a tropical storm rather than a hurricane.Rising sea levels and changes in hurricane dynamics, such as size and speed, are expected to worsen coastal flood hazards, especially in densely populated regions in the northeastern United States. This reality calls for comprehensive flood hazard assessments to enhance resilience strategies (Mayo &amp; Lin, 2022).Looking Ahead: The Imminent Future of HurricanesAs we reflect on the changing landscape of hurricane activity, it becomes clear that hurricanes are closely linked to societal factors and broader environmental changes. The stakes are high, and it is crucial for us to adopt proactive measures to enhance community resilience and develop mitigation strategies.&nbsp;Urban Planning and Infrastructure ImprovementsOne of the cornerstones of hurricane preparedness is upgrading existing infrastructure to withstand extreme weather events. This includes reinforcing bridges, roads, levees, and drainage systems to ensure they can handle increased rainfall and storm surge brought about by climate change. By investing in resilient infrastructure, communities can significantly reduce the risk of catastrophic damage during hurricanes.Incorporating green infrastructure solutions is also an effective strategy. Features like permeable pavement, green roofs, rain gardens, and bioswales enhance the visual appeal of urban spaces and improve stormwater management. These solutions can substantially reduce urban flooding by allowing water to seep into the ground rather than overwhelming drainage systems.Enforcing stringent building codes is essential to protecting homes and commercial buildings. New structures should be designed to be flood-resistant and hurricane-proof. Additionally, retrofitting older buildings with storm shutters, elevating foundations, and reinforcing roofs can help mitigate damage during severe storms, ultimately protecting both property and lives.Thoughtful land use planning is critical for minimizing hurricane-related risks. Communities should avoid development in high-risk flood zones and consider zoning laws that limit construction in vulnerable areas. Furthermore, promoting the conservation and restoration of natural wetlands and mangroves can provide valuable buffers against storm surges, safeguarding coastal populations.Community Engagement and PreparednessEngaging the community is crucial for building resilience. Conducting workshops and outreach programs empowers residents with knowledge about hurricane risks, preparedness measures, and emergency response plans. The better informed a community is, the better prepared it will be for emergencies.Regularly updating community emergency response plans is equally important. These plans should include detailed evacuation routes, shelter locations, and resource distribution strategies to ensure coordinated responses during crises.Practical community drills and training sessions are essential as well. By organizing activities for residents and local emergency responders, communities can familiarize everyone with disaster response and recovery procedures, potentially saving lives during actual events.Fostering community connections can make a significant difference in emergencies. Establishing volunteer groups, buddy systems for vulnerable populations, and local disaster response teams can create a robust support network that aids residents in times of need.Policy and GovernanceIt is crucial to adopt an integrated disaster risk management approach that includes urban planning, emergency response, and climate adaptation measures for long-term resilience. Collaboration among various governmental sectors and disciplines will lead to more effective strategies.Advocating for state and federal funding for resilience projects is also essential. Communities should explore grants, loans, and public-private partnerships to finance infrastructure upgrades and community programs aimed at enhancing hurricane preparedness. Regular monitoring and assessment of climate change and hurricane-related risks can further inform better planning and preparedness efforts. Making decisions based on data allows communities to prioritize investments using the most current information.Climate Change MitigationPromoting sustainability practices is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which supports resilience strategies. Communities should prioritize energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, and sustainable land use practices to build a more sustainable future. It is also important to develop climate adaptation strategies tailored to local contexts. These strategies should address both immediate and long-term risks associated with hurricanes and climate change, ensuring that communities are prepared for various scenarios.Collaboration and PartnershipsEngaging various stakeholders - including government agencies, non-profits, businesses, and community organizations - in resilience planning and implementation is vital. Collaborative efforts help to leverage resources and expertise, enhancing the effectiveness of resilience initiatives. Finally, sharing best practices and lessons learned among communities that have experienced significant hurricane impacts is crucial for fostering resilience. Creating networks for exchanging information on successful strategies can pave the way for innovative solutions and collective improvements.Together, we can navigate the tumultuous future of hurricanes influenced by climate change, ensuring the safety and sustainability of our communities in an increasingly storm-prone world. ReferencesBalaguru, K., Xu, W., Chang, C.-C., Leung, L. R., Judi, D. R., Hagos, S. M., Wehner, M. F., Kossin, J. P., &amp; Ting, M. (2023). Increased U.S. coastal hurricane risk under climate change. Science Advances, 9(14). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adf0259Hernández-Delgado, E. A., Alejandro-Camis, P., Cabrera-Beauchamp, G., Fonseca-Miranda, J. S., Gómez-Andújar, N. X., Gómez, P., Guzmán-Rodríguez, R., Olivo-Maldonado, I., &amp; Suleimán-Ramos, S. E. (2024). Stronger Hurricanes and Climate Change in the Caribbean Sea: Threats to the Sustainability of Endangered Coral Species. Sustainability, 16(4), 1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041506Hurricane Costs. (2023). NOAA Office for Coastal Management.Li, X., Fu, D., Nielsen-Gammon, J., Gangrade, S., Kao, S.-C., Chang, P., Morales Hernández, M., Voisin, N., Zhang, Z., &amp; Gao, H. (2023). Impacts of climate change on future hurricane induced rainfall and flooding in a coastal watershed: A case study on Hurricane Harvey. Journal of Hydrology, 616, 128774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128774Mayo, T. L., &amp; Lin, N. (2022). Climate change impacts to the coastal flood hazard in the northeastern United States. Weather and Climate Extremes, 36, 100453100453.U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). Natural Disasters: Economic Effects of Hurricanes Katrina, Sandy, Harvey, and Irma. 2020. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-20-633r.pdf

Storms on the Rise: Embracing the New Reality of Hurricanes Amidst Higher Temperatures

As climate change accelerates, the occurrence and intensity of heat waves are rising globally, posing significant health risks, particularly for vulnerable populations like children. Understanding the impact heat waves has on children is crucial for devising strategies to protect their health and well-being.Why Are Children More Vulnerable?Children are particularly susceptible to heat waves due to several physiological and behavioral factors:Higher Heat Production: Children generate more heat per kilogram of body weight than adults, increasing their susceptibility to heat stress [1].Lower Sweat Production: Their bodies are less efficient at sweating, a primary cooling mechanism [2,3].Greater Surface Area-to-Mass Ratio: This leads to quicker heat absorption from the environment [2,3].Developing Bodily Systems: Children's thermoregulatory systems are not fully developed, making it harder for them to cope with extreme temperatures [1]. Infants are Most VulnerableInfants, especially those born preterm, face heightened risks during heat waves, with increased chances of adverse health outcomes and emergency department visits [4]. Preterm infants face unique challenges due to their underdeveloped thermoregulation, lower body fat and increased surface area-to-weight ratio compared to their term counterparts. Immediate Health EffectsDuring heat waves, children can suffer from several acute health issues:Dehydration: Children can dehydrate faster due to higher body water content [1].Heat-Related Illnesses: Conditions like heat exhaustion, cramps, and heatstroke can be life-threatening [1].Respiratory Issues: High temperatures can worsen respiratory conditions like asthma [1].Renal Diseases: Heat stress and fluid loss can lead to kidney stones and urolithiasis [5,6]. Long-Term Health ImplicationsThe long-term effects of heat exposure during childhood can be profound:Cognitive and Developmental Impacts: Extreme heat can impair cognitive functions, leading to learning difficulties, and reduced academic performance [2,7].Existing Mental Health Conditions: Heat stress can worse existing mental health conditions and contribute to new ones [6,8].Disruption of Daily Activities: Heat waves can reduce school attendance and outdoor play, essential for social development and physical health [2,7].Chronic Health Conditions: Prolonged heat exposure increases the risk of chronic conditions like cardiovascular diseases and kidney problems [1].Mental Health: Heat stress can lead to anxiety and depression [9].Social and Environmental Impacts: In low-income regions, heat waves can worsen food and water scarcity, affecting nutrition and increasing displacement risks [2,10]. Mental Health ImpactsProlonged heat exposure can have adverse effects on children’s mental health:Increased Stress and Anxiety: High temperatures heighten stress levels, exacerbating existing mental health issues like anxiety and depression [9,11,12].Sleep Disruption: Heat waves can lead to poor sleep quality, increasing irritability and emotional challenges [13-15].Exacerbation of Mental Disorders: Children with pre-existing mental health conditions may experience worsened symptoms [9,11,12].Irritability and Behavioral Changes: Extreme heat can affect social interactions and overall mental well-being [9,11,12]. Cognitive Development ImpactsThe long-term impact of health exposure on children’s cognitive development is complex and multi-dimensional:Educational Disruptions: Heat waves can decrease school attendance and impair cognitive performance, affecting long-term educational attainment [7,8,11,16].Impact on Early Childhood Development: Extreme heat can affect brain development processes, leading to long-term cognitive challenges [9,11,12].Hindrance in Daily Cognitive Tasks: High temperatures can impair cognitive functions, causing frustration and mental strain [9,11,12].Disruption of sleep quality: High temperatures lead to reduced total sleep time, fragmented sleep, and delayed sleep onset, affecting emotional regulation and increasing stress levels [14,15]. Socioeconomic and Environmental FactorsProlonged heat exposure affects a wide range of socioeconomic and environmental factors:Vulnerability Based on Socioeconomic Status: Children from low-income families or regions are disproportionately affected due to limited access to resources like air conditioning and healthcare [9,17].Environmental Degradation: Heat waves often coincide with other environmental stressors, such as wildfires and droughts, compounding their effects on children's health [17l]. Disparities in ImpactNot all children are affected equally by heat waves. Socioeconomic factors significantly influence a child's vulnerability:Access to Cooling: Children in low-income families may lack access to air conditioning or other cooling methods, increasing their risk during heat waves [10].Urban Heat Islands: Children living in urban areas, particularly in low-income neighborhoods, are more likely to experience higher temperatures due to the urban heat island effect [18,19]. Protective Measures and Adaptation StrategiesTo mitigate the adverse effects of heat waves on children, several strategies can be implemented:Hydration and Cooling: Ensuring children stay hydrated and have access to cool environments is critical during heat waves.Building Design and Materials: Schools can use reflective roofing materials and lighter-colored surfaces to reduce heat absorption. Planting trees around school buildings can provide natural shade and help cool the surrounding air.Cooling Centers: Designating specific areas within the school as cooling centers where students can go to cool down during breaks can help manage heat exposure.Scheduling adjustments: During extreme heat, schools can implement half-days or adjust schedules to avoid the hottest parts of the day. This approach helps minimize heat exposure while maintaining instructional time. Allowing flexibility in scheduling exams during cooler parts of the day can help improve student performance on assessments.Education and Awareness: Educating caregivers and communities about the risks of heat waves and how to protect children can significantly reduce health impacts.Policy Interventions: Governments can invest in infrastructure to reduce heat exposure, such as green spaces and improved building designs. ConclusionAs climate change drives more frequent and severe heat waves, addressing the children’s unique vulnerabilities is essential. Implementing targeted strategies and policies can protect children's health and ensure their well-being in a warming world. The time to act is now, as the impacts of inaction will only grow more severe with time.&nbsp; References[1] Heat stroke in children - UpToDate[2] Niamh, McCarville. "(1) 780 The Impact of Heatwaves on Child Health." &nbsp;undefined (2023). doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-rcpch.468.[3] Heatwaves under different future climate scenarios and impacts on children." &nbsp;undefined (2022). doi: 10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12579.[4] Anaïs, Teyton., Allan, Ndovu., Rebecca, J., Baer., Gretchen, Bandoli., Tarik, Benmarhnia. "(6) Disparities in the impact of heat wave definitions on emergency department visits during the first year of life among preterm and full-term infants in California." Environmental Research, undefined (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118299.[5] Youngrin, Kwag., Eun-Hee, Ha. "(5) The impact of heat waves on children’s kidney health: Systematic review and meta-analysis." Environmental health perspectives, undefined (2022). doi: 10.1289/isee.2022.p-0426.[6] Clare, Faurie. "(8) Increased temperatures and child health outcomes: a systematic review." European Journal of Public Health, undefined (2023). doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1161.[7] Betty, Lala., Aya, Hagishima. "(3) Impact of Escalating Heat Waves on Students’ Well-Being and Overall Health: A Survey of Primary School Teachers." Climate, undefined (2023). doi: 10.3390/cli11060126.[8] Suresh, Kishanrao. "(2) Extremes of Weather Conditions and Child Health." Open journal of pediatrics and child health, undefined (2024). doi: 10.17352/ojpch.000058.[9] Perera, Frederica, Children's Health and the Peril of Climate Change (New York, 2022; online edn, Oxford Academic, 17 Nov. 2022), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197588161.001.0001, accessed 16 Aug. 2024.[10] Wim, Thiery., ogbodo. "(7) Children disproportionally exposed to attributable heatwaves at low-latitude low-income countries." &nbsp;undefined (2023). doi: 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-7528[11] Rony MKK, Alamgir HM. High temperatures on mental health: Recognizing the association and the need for proactive strategies-A perspective. Health Sci Rep. 2023 Dec 4;6(12):e1729. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.1729. PMID: 38059052; PMCID: PMC10696165.[12] Cedeño Laurent JG, Williams A, Oulhote Y, Zanobetti A, Allen JG, Spengler JD. Reduced cognitive function during a heat wave among residents of non-air-conditioned buildings: An observational study of young adults in the summer of 2016. PLoS Med. 2018 Jul 10;15(7):e1002605. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002605. PMID: 29990359; PMCID: PMC6039003.[13] Ednick M, Cohen AP, McPhail GL, Beebe D, Simakajornboon N, Amin RS. A review of the effects of sleep during the first year of life on cognitive, psychomotor, and temperament development. Sleep. 2009 Nov;32(11):1449-58. doi: 10.1093/sleep/32.11.1449. PMID: 19928384; PMCID: PMC2768951.[14] Berger, S.E., Ordway, M.R., Schoneveld, E. et al. The impact of extreme summer temperatures in the United Kingdom on infant sleep: Implications for learning and development. Sci Rep 13, 10061 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37111-2.[15] Medic G, Wille M, Hemels ME. Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption. Nat Sci Sleep. 2017 May 19;9:151-161. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S134864. PMID: 28579842; PMCID: PMC5449130.[16] Joshua, Graff, Zivin., Jeffrey, Shrader. "(9) Temperature Extremes, Health, and Human Capital." The Future of Children, undefined (2016). doi: 10.1353/FOC.2016.0002[17] Amita, Bansal., Nicolas, Cherbuin., Deborah, Davis., Michael, J., Peek., Amanda, Wingett., Bruce, Christensen., Hazel, Carlisle., Margaret, Broom., Danielle, A, J, M, Schoenaker., Jane, E., Dahlstrom., C., B., Phillips., Sotiris, Vardoulakis., Ralph, Nanan., Christopher, John, Nolan. "(4) Heatwaves and wildfires suffocate our healthy start to life: time to assess impact and take action." The Lancet Planetary Health, undefined (2023). doi: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00134-1.[18] Heat Islands and Equity | US EPA, accessed 27 Aug. 2024.[19] Centering Equity to Address Extreme Heat (urban.org), accessed 27 Aug. 2024. Comments&nbsp; 13 1 comment 1 repost &nbsp; &nbsp;Like CommentShare &nbsp;Comments settings &nbsp; Add a comment… Open Emoji Keyboard&nbsp; Current selected sort order is Most recentMost recent &nbsp; Jennifer Ottolino • 1st Freelance writer and editor 11mo &nbsp; Thanks for spotlighting these issues.&nbsp;&nbsp; Like &nbsp;1 &nbsp; Reply

Shielding Children from Heat Waves: A Health Priority

Climate change stands as one of the most pressing global challenges of our time, affecting every part of society. Yet, its impacts are not felt equally. Women in developing countries face a greater share of climate-related challenges due to their socioeconomic status, cultural roles, and entrenched gender inequalities (Desai and Zhang, 2021; Rylander et al. 2012).Disproportionate Impact on WomenWomen in developing countries are uniquely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change for several reasons:Dependency on Natural ResourcesMany women rely directly on natural resources for their livelihoods, from agriculture to water collection to fuel gathering. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, women contribute about 43% of the agricultural workforce in developing countries (FAO). This reliance exposes them to extreme weather conditions and environmental hazards (Bunce et al, 2016). Women are also involved in food production activities like horticulture, poultry farming, and raising small livestock, which require extended periods of outdoor work, exposing them to harsh weather conditions. &nbsp;Additionally, collecting natural resources like wild fruits, nuts, medicinal plants and materials for handicrafts often involves traveling long distances and spending significant time in potentially hazardous environments, especially during extreme weather events like droughts or floods. &nbsp;As climate change threatens these vital resources, the ability to sustain everyday tasks diminishes, exacerbating issues like poverty and food insecurity (Feng and Homan 2022; Okesanya et al. 2024).Limited Access to ResourcesWomen in developing countries often have limited access to essential resources such as education, healthcare, technology, and financial resources. In developing countries, 78% of girls are enrolled in primary school, compared to the global average of 88%. For secondary school, the enrollment drops to just 31%, significantly lower than the global average of 66% (Kattan and Khan 2023). This educational gap limits their knowledge and skills, making it more challenging for them to adopt climate-resilient practices.Limited access to healthcare can also reduce women’s ability to participate in economic activities. Common barriers include the lack of health insurance, high out-of-pocket costs, and logistical challenges like taking time off work, leaving the farm, or arranging childcare. These barriers are widespread among women in developing countries and can delay the diagnosis and treatment of serious health issues, worsening their health and reducing their economic participation, especially during extreme weather events.The lack of access to technology for women, particularly in the world’s poorest countries, creates significant barriers to their economic advancement. Without mobile phones, internet, and digital connectivity, women are unable to access vital information and opportunities that could improve their economic status. This digital divide exacerbates existing gender inequalities, limiting women’s ability to participate fully in the economy. According to UNICEF (2023), approximately 90% of women and teenage girls in these regions do not have internet access, highlighting the urgent need for initiatives to bridge this gap and promote gender equity in technology access, particularly during extreme weather conditions.Limited financial resources significantly impede women’s ability to adapt to climate change, perpetuating existing gender disparities and hindering effective adaptation strategies (Okesanya et al. 2024). In developing countries, women are 20% less likely than men to have an account at a formal financial institution and 17% less likely to have borrowed formally, highlighting considerable gender disparities in the availability of financial resources (Isaac 2014). Such disparities may be exacerbated by severe climatic occurrences.&nbsp;Health and Well-beingClimate change poses substantial health threats, from increased transmission of diseases such as malaria to respiratory illnesses that arise from proximity to water sources (Desai and Zhang, 2021). Women, especially adolescent girls, are more prone to malnutrition and related health complications, increasing the rates of anemia and other critical health issues. Pregnant women face heightened vulnerability to extreme temperatures and food insecurity, resulting in serious complications, including hypertension, miscarriages, and stillbirths (Burns and Mutunga, 2024; Desai and Zhang, 2021; Okesanya et al., 2024). Using traditional biomass for cooking in poorly ventilated areas poses additional health risks, exposing women to toxic pollutants and increasing their likelihood of respiratory diseases (Desai and Zhang, 2021).Gender InequalityCultural and social norms often restrict women's participation in decision-making processes related to climate adaptation. A recent study found that 11.9% of women aged 15-49 in Bangladesh are excluded from these processes, a trend also observed in other South Asian countries (Kirkwood et al 2024). This exclusion further marginalizes women, preventing them from influencing the policies that directly affect their lives, including those related to climate action.Increased VulnerabilityClimate-related stresses increase the chances of violence, early marriage, and other socio-economic impacts for women. This leads to a persistent cycle of vulnerability and inequality that is difficult to overcome (Burns and Mutunga, 2024). Research from Kenya revealed a 60% increase in domestic violence in regions affected by extreme weather (Allen et al 2021). Although extreme weather does not directly cause domestic or gender-based violence, it intensifies existing household pressures or facilitates such violence. &nbsp;Child marriage is more common in arid regions and areas experiencing frequent droughts (Valero and Kaul 2023). Families might resort to child marriage to manage reduced crop production, declines in ecosystem productivity, rising food costs, and financial strain during periods of drought.Towards Empowerment and Resilience&nbsp;Addressing the myriad challenges faced by women in the context of climate change requires targeted and effective strategies:Education and TrainingEmpowering women through education and training opportunities can equip them with the knowledge needed to respond to climate challenges effectively. Raising awareness about climate risks and promoting adaptive practices will better prepare women to manage their health and environmental responsibilities.Gender-Sensitive PoliciesImplementing gender-sensitive policies that consider disparities and promote women’s participation in decision-making processes can help bridge gaps in resource access and empower women in their communities. By integrating gender perspectives into climate adaptation measures, we can ensure that women’s voices are heard and considered in shaping effective policies.&nbsp;Community EngagementEngaging local communities, particularly women, in climate adaptation planning ensures that diverse voices are heard and needs addressed, fostering more inclusive and effective solutions. (Burns and Mutunga, 2024). When women are involved in decision-making processes related to climate adaptation, they can contribute valuable insights drawn from their experiences, ensuring that strategies are developed to meet their unique needs.&nbsp;Public Health PoliciesFormulating public health policies that consider the impacts of climate change on women’s health, particularly women in rural and remote areas, is essential. Interventions should focus on enhancing food security through education campaigns, support for community activities, and comprehensive policy initiatives aimed at addressing poverty and addiction.ConclusionThe intersection of climate change and gender inequality presents significant challenges for women in developing countries. However, by recognizing and proactively addressing these disparities, we can empower women and bolster their resilience to climate impacts. A gender-sensitive approach to climate action is not only essential for achieving equity but also for fostering sustainable development in vulnerable regions. By placing women at the center of climate response strategies, we can create a healthier, more equitable future for all. Citations:Allen EM, Munala L, Henderson JR. Kenyan Women Bearing the Cost of Climate Change. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Dec 2;18(23):12697. https://doi:10.3390/ijerph182312697Beaumier MC, Ford JD. Food insecurity among Inuit women exacerbated by socioeconomic stresses and climate change Canadian journal of public health. Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique. 2010;101(3), 196–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03404373Bunce AFJ, Harper S, Edge V, Ihacc Research Team. Vulnerability and adaptive capacity of Inuit women to climate change: A case study from Iqaluit, Nunavut. Natural Hazards. 2016;83(3), 1419–1441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2398-6Burns PA, Mutunga C. Addressing the impact change on sexual and reproductive health among adolescent girls and young women in low- and middle-income countries. Glob Health Sci Pract 2024;12(1): e2300374. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-23-00374&nbsp;Desai Z, Zhang Y. Climate change and women's health: A scoping review. GeoHealth. 2021; 5, e2021GH000386. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GH000386Feng Wandi and Mac Delano Homan. Evidence of Gender Inequality in Agriculture Related to Climate Change. Journal of Student Research. 2022. https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v11i3.3869Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at Women in agriculture | Reduce Rural Poverty | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (fao.org) Accessed 08/08/2024.Isaac J. Expanding women’s access to financial services. World Bank Group. 2014. Available at: Expanding Women’s Access to Financial Services (worldbank.org) Accessed 08/08/2024.Kattan RB and Khan MM. Closing the gap: Tackling the remaining disparities in girls’ education and women’s labor market participation. World Bank Blogs. Available at Closing the gap: Tackling the remaining disparities in girls’ education and women’s labor market participation (worldbank.org) Accessed 08/08/2024.Kirkwood EK, Raihana S, Alam NA, Dibley MJ. Women’s participation in decision-making: Analysis of Bangaldesh Demographic and Health Survey data 2017-2018. J Int Development. 2024;36:26-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3805Okesanya Olalekan John, Khlood Fathi Hassan Alnaeem, Hakeem Kayode Hassan, Adebimpe Tolutope Oso, Olaniyi Abideen Adigun, Oumnia Bouaddi, Noah Olabode Olaleke, Sara Gabrallah M kheir, Usman Abubakar Haruna, Deborah Oluwaseun Shomuyiwa, Emery Manirambona and Melat Tesfaye Asebot. The intersectional impact of climate change and gender inequalities in Africa. Public Health Challenges. 2024;3(1):e169. https://doi.org/10.1002/puh2.169Rylander C, Odland JØ, Sandanger TM. Climate change and the potential effects on maternal and pregnancy outcomes: an assessment of the most vulnerable--the mother, fetus, and newborn child. Glob Health Action. 2013 Mar 11;6:19538. https://doi:10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538&nbsp;UNICEF. Bridging the gender digital divide. Available at: Bridging the Gender Digital Divide - UNICEF DATA Accessed 08/08/2024.Valero SD, Kaul S. Why climate change matters for women. Available at: Why climate change matters for women | UN Women Data Hub Accessed 08/08/2024.

Climate Change’s Silent Victims: Women in Developing Countries

As the world's population continues to grow, so does our energy consumption - and with it, our carbon footprint. In the past 50 years, we have witnessed a dramatic surge in population, leading to an unprecedented spike in energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions [Aboueata et al 2021; Population Growth and Climate Change, 2023]. While population growth is not the sole driver of these accelerated emissions – factors like energy choices, economic development, and technological innovations also play significant roles – the relentless rise in population is sounding urgent alarms for climate scientists and policymakers.&nbsp;The Population-Emissions ConnectionResearch reveals a powerful link between population growth and soaring CO2 emissions:• Developing countries with rapidly expanding populations are experiencing dramatic spikes in energy demand as they industrialize [Population Growth and Climate Change, 2023].• Urbanization is exacerbating the problem, with over half the world's population now living in energy-intensive cities [Zarco-Periñán et al 2021].A Global ChallengeThis issue transcends regional boundaries, impacting countries worldwide in different ways:India: Home to 18% of the world's population, India faces immense pressure on its natural resources. The country's rapid industrial growth and urbanization have significantly increased energy consumption and CO2 emissions. However, India is making strides in renewable energy adoption, with ambitious targets for solar and wind energy capacities [Sikdar and Mukhopadhyay, 2017].Nigeria: With one of the fastest-growing populations in Africa, Nigeria's energy demand is skyrocketing. The country's reliance on fossil fuels for electricity and transportation significantly contributes to its carbon emissions. A study found that reduced fertility rates in Nigeria could lead to a 35% decrease in annual emissions and a 15% increase in per capita income by 2100 [Casey, 2019]. This shows the transformative potential of addressing population growth as part of our climate change mitigation efforts.Indonesia: The combined impact of GDP growth and population growth on CO2 emissions in Indonesia follows a pattern of disproportionate rise in emissions parallel to economic and population expansion. The country is focusing on reducing emissions through low-carbon technologies and increasing renewable energy use [Sukono et al 2019]. These efforts are essential for balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability.Pakistan: High population growth and increasing energy demand are major drivers of CO2 emissions in Pakistan. However, the country is exploring low-carbon technologies like hydropower and solar energy as potential long-term solutions [Mansoor and Sultana, 2017]. These initiatives could help Pakistan manage its environmental impact while continuing to develop economically.Hope on the Horizon?Despite the grim outlook, there are promising solutions:• Embrace Renewable Energy: Transitioning to renewable energy sources can significantly curb emissions as populations expand.• Promote Lower Fertility Rates: Encouraging lower fertility rates can simultaneously elevate per capita income and reduce emissions.• Integrate Population Policies: Incorporating population dynamics into climate change strategies is not just beneficial—it’s essential.Charting a Sustainable FutureTo tackle this complex issue, we need a multi-pronged approach:• Accelerate Investment in Renewable Energy: Governments and private sectors must prioritize funding for solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.• Foster Sustainable Urban Development: Urban planning should focus on creating energy-efficient buildings and transportation systems to minimize the environmental impact of expanding cities.• Integrate Population Policies into Climate Action Plans: Policies addressing population growth, such as family planning and education initiatives, should be woven into broader climate strategies.• Empower Through Education and Family Planning: Providing access to education and family planning resources, especially in developing countries, can empower individuals to make informed decisions about family size, ultimately helping to control population growth.By tackling population growth in tandem with our drive for cleaner energy, we can pave the way for a sustainable future for generations to come. The clock is ticking—bold and decisive action is needed now on both fronts.Citations:Walid, Aboueata., Ula, Hijawi., Ayman, Al-Kababji., Abdulrahman, Mohieddine., Pilsung, Choe. "Statistical Analysis of Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption against Population Growth." 726 (2021).:012003-. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/726/1/012003.Gregory, Casey., Oded, Galor. Population Growth and Carbon Emissions. Research Papers in Economics, (2016). doi: 10.3386/W22885.&nbsp;Ibrahim, Mohammed, Lawal. Impact of population growth on Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emission: empirical evidence from Nigeria. (2019).;6(6):701-708. doi: 10.22437/PPD.V6I6.6730.&nbsp;Abdul, Mansoor., Baserat, Sultana. Impact of Population, GDP and Energy Consumption on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Pakistan Using an Analytic Tool IPAT. (2017).;5(2):183-190. doi: 10.20448/JOURNAL.501.2018.52.183.190&nbsp;Chandrima, Sikdar., Kakali, Mukhopadhyay. Impact of population on carbon emission: lessons from India. Asia-Pacific Development Journal, (2017).;23(1):105-132. doi: 10.18356/B4C7CBA0-EN.&nbsp;Sukono., Betty, Subartini., Susi., Sudradjat, Supian., Herlina, Napitupulu., Ruly, Budiono., Hafizan, Juahir. Modeling of the impact of GDP and human population on CO 2 emission by using Cobb-Douglas model and particle swarm optimization. (2019).;311(1):012080-. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/311/1/012080&nbsp;Pedro, J., Zarco-Periñán., Irene, M., Zarco-Soto., Fco., Javier, Zarco-Soto. Influence of Population Density on CO2 Emissions Eliminating the Influence of Climate. Atmosphere, (2021).;12(9):1193. doi: 10.3390/ATMOS12091193

Population Growth and Climate Change: Navigating our Global Future

Birth registration is a fundamental human right, crucial for a child’s recognition and access to essential services. Without a birth certificate, children can miss out on essential services like healthcare and education and may be vulnerable to risks such as child marriage, labor exploitation, or even military conscription. Yet, climate change-induced natural and humanitarian disasters are intensifying the challenges to birth registration systems in Asia and Africa, where infrastructure and resources disparities are stark.One of the most immediate impacts of climate-related disasters is the displacement of populations. Families forced to flee their homes often find themselves in new locations without the necessary documentation to register births. This displacement can disrupt existing birth registration systems, making it difficult for families to access these essential services. In Kenya, persistent droughts and food scarcity compel families to move to areas that are ill-equipped with the necessary infrastructure to support new arrivals. Consequently, many children born under these circumstances go unregistered, which can render them invisible to the state and vulnerable to further marginalization.Floods, hurricanes, and droughts damage the infrastructure, including government buildings and archives, needed for birth registration. When these facilities are damaged or destroyed, existing birth records are lost, and the registration of new births are severely hampered. In the aftermath of a disaster, the immediate focus is often on urgent needs like food, shelter, and medical care, pushing birth registration to the back burner. In Bangladesh, flooding and cyclones make it difficult for families to access birth registration services, with many births in rural areas remaining unregistered due to the inaccessibility of registration centers during and after natural disasters.Natural disasters bring more than just immediate destruction; they also usher in a host of health complications, especially for those forced to flee their homes. The surge in both infectious and chronic illnesses can overwhelm medical services, shifting focus from routine operations such as recording births. In nations like the Philippines, which are regularly battered by storms and intense precipitation, these health issues can intensify pre-existing weaknesses in the systems for registering births.Economic difficulties arising from climate-induced disasters can intensify the pressure on birth registration systems. As governments in Asia and Africa grapple with budget cuts, funding for these essential systems may be reduced. This can complicate the process for families who are already struggling with other critical needs to ensure birth registration.Political unrest and conflict can also disrupt these systems, making it dangerous for families to seek registration services. In Pakistan, political instability and conflicts have significantly disrupted civil registration services. This disruption makes it perilous for families to obtain birth registration services, resulting in lower registration rates. Similarly, Myanmar’s persistent ethnic conflicts and political disturbances have obstructed access to birth registration, especially affecting minority groups who face additional barriers. The ongoing civil war in South Sudan has also devastated the nation’s ability to sustain effective birth registration systems, undermining a fundamental aspect of civil governance.To fortify birth registration systems against climate adversity in Asia and Africa, digital and mobile platforms, healthcare integration, localized services, secure data storage, staff training, awareness campaigns, inclusive policies for refugees and migrants, disaster preparedness, and record reconstruction protocols are recommended. These measures aim to safeguard legal identities and uphold the Sustainable Development Goal of universal birth registration by 2030.

Climate Change and Birth Registration: A Deepening Crisis in Asia and Africa

Climawahealth

ClimawaHealth is an independent consultancy firm committed to pioneering research that advances our understanding of health economic impacts of climate-water-related events.  Our focus encompasses the intricate interplay of hydrological and climatic factors within the broader scope of global development. Our mission: to empower policymakers, health systems, and front-line caregivers with rigorous science, real-world evidence, and economic analysis. We believe true resilience arises when health, economics, and the environment align.

Blog

Exploring the Economic Impact of Climate Change: Key Insi...

Storms on the Rise: Embracing the New Reality of Hurrican...

Shielding Children from Heat Waves: A Health Priority

Climate Change’s Silent Victims: Women in Developing Coun...

Population Growth and Climate Change: Navigating our Glob...

Climate Change and Birth Registration: A Deepening Crisis...